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2010 MMPC , Part 2 = Michigan Mathematics Prize Competition

p1. Let x1=0x_1 = 0, x2=1/2x_2 = 1/2 and for n>2n >2, let xnx_n be the average of xn1x_{n-1} and xn2x_{n-2}. Find a formula for an=xn+1xna_n = x_{n+1} - x_{n}, n=1,2,3,n = 1, 2, 3, \dots. Justify your answer.
p2. Given a triangle ABCABC. Let ha,hb,hch_a, h_b, h_c be the altitudes to its sides a,b,c,a, b, c, respectively. Prove: 1ha+1hb>1hc\frac{1}{h_a}+\frac{1}{h_b}>\frac{1}{h_c} Is it possible to construct a triangle with altitudes 77, 1111, and 2020? Justify your answer.
p3. Does there exist a polynomial P(x)P(x) with integer coefficients such that P(0)=1P(0) = 1, P(2)=3P(2) = 3 and P(4)=9P(4) = 9? Justify your answer.
p4. Prove that if cosθ\cos \theta is rational and nn is an integer, then cosnθ\cos n\theta is rational. Let α=12010\alpha=\frac{1}{2010}. Is cosα\cos \alpha rational ? Justify your answer.
p5. Let function f(x)f(x) be defined as f(x)=x2+bx+cf(x) = x^2 + bx + c, where b,cb, c are real numbers. (A) Evaluate f(1)2f(5)+f(9)f(1) -2f(5) + f(9) . (B) Determine all pairs (b,c)(b, c) such that f(x)8|f(x)| \le 8 for all xx in the interval [1,9][1, 9].
PS. You should use hide for answers. Collected [url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c5h2760506p24143309]here.