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2003 Canada National Olympiad
2
Last 3 digits
Last 3 digits
Source: Canada 2003
March 5, 2006
modular arithmetic
Euler
function
number theory unsolved
number theory
Problem Statement
Find the last three digits of the number
200
3
2002
2001
2003^{{2002}^{2001}}
200
3
2002
2001
.
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