2017 Combinatorics #8: Frogs Making Friends with Each Other
Source:
February 20, 2017
probabilitynumber theoryrelatively prime
Problem Statement
Kelvin and other frogs are in a meeting, for a total of frogs. During the meeting, each pair of distinct frogs becomes friends with probability . Kelvin thinks the situation after the meeting is [I]cool[/I] if for each of the frogs, the number of friends they made during the meeting is a multiple of . Say that the probability of the situation being cool can be expressed in the form , where and are relatively prime. Find .