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Game of writing numbers from 1 to n on k pages

Source: Dutch BxMO/EGMO Team Selection Test 2014 P5

July 17, 2014
ceiling functionlogarithmscombinatorics proposedcombinatoricsgreedy algorithm

Problem Statement

Let nn be a positive integer. Daniel and Merlijn are playing a game. Daniel has kk sheets of paper lying next to each other on a table, where kk is a positive integer. On each of the sheets, he writes some of the numbers from 11 up to nn (he is allowed to write no number at all, or all numbers). On the back of each of the sheets, he writes down the remaining numbers. Once Daniel is finished, Merlijn can flip some of the sheets of paper (he is allowed to flip no sheet at all, or all sheets). If Merlijn succeeds in making all of the numbers from 11 up to n visible at least once, then he wins. Determine the smallest kk for which Merlijn can always win, regardless of Daniel’s actions.